At the end of 2022, the outbreak of generative artificial intelligence brought artificial intelligence into people’s sight again. The discussion of artificial intelligence, which has been silent for a long time in the legal field, has risen again. The construction of smart courts is also accelerating, and whether generative artificial intelligence can help become an urgent problem. In fact, the application of artificial intelligence in smart courts is not a new topic. Most scholars have elaborated on the theory inside, but in fact, the construction of artificial intelligence in Chinese courts is relatively slow. Some problems mentioned in theory may not have appeared in practice, but the emergence of generative artificial intelligence has broken this situation. The application of artificial intelligence in smart courts needs to face the problems that were once "science fiction". By explaining the principle of llm-type generative artificial intelligence, it leads to the necessity of its application in smart courts. At the same time, it lists the existing commercial models and the practical application and future exploration of courts. Finally, the possible problems in practice are answered through legal provisions and technical operation.

foreword

Since 2017, with the viral spread of alphago, artificial intelligence has become the hottest topic at that time. Similarly, discussions about smart courts and artificial intelligence have also exploded. Of course, the popularity of smart court+artificial intelligence did not last long. On the one hand, it is because there are other more novel contents, such as metauniverse and nft；; On the other hand, because artificial intelligence did not explode like people imagined, the sci-fi "robot judge" did not appear. It is precisely because of the slow development of artificial intelligence that most articles do not analyze the specific application of smart courts, and most of them focus on the theoretical research of artificial intelligence in smart courts, including but not limited to data security and algorithm risk.

"To sum up, although the research on legal artificial intelligence in the theoretical circle is lively, it is still in the pioneering stage, and there is still a lack of deep grasp and thinking about the current situation and future of the application of legal artificial intelligence. As for the suggestions on how to use legal artificial intelligence, it is only directional. Compared with the theoretical circle, the practical circle may have more expectations for legal artificial intelligence and take many practical actions. " The theoretical research on smart courts and artificial intelligence in China is very perfect, but many forward-looking issues have not received enough academic attention in the construction of smart courts. In academic discussions, the specific application in practice has not been considered too much. Therefore, this paper will focus on whether it can be applied to smart courts immediately, what the application scenario is, and the exploration of the future.

On December 9, 2022, the Supreme People’s Court issued "Opinions on Standardizing and Strengthening the Judicial Application of Artificial Intelligence" (hereinafter referred to as "Opinions on Artificial Intelligence"), listing specific objectives, principles and application scope. Among them, Article 2 explicitly mentions: "By 2025, a relatively complete judicial artificial intelligence technology application system will be basically established, providing all-round intelligent auxiliary support for justice for the people and justice, significantly reducing the workload of judges’ routine work, effectively ensuring clean justice, improving the level of judicial management, and innovatively serving social governance. By 2030, the application and theoretical system of judicial artificial intelligence technology with rule guidance and application demonstration effect will be built to provide high-level intelligent auxiliary support for the whole process of justice for the people and fair justice, and the application of normative principles will be widely recognized by the society, greatly reducing the workload of judges’ transactional work, effectively ensuring clean justice, accurately serving social governance, and fully demonstrating the application efficiency. " It can be seen that the judicial application of artificial intelligence is the general trend and the key direction of the construction of smart courts in the future.

Coincidentally, at the end of December, 2022, the large language model (llm), represented by the generative pre-trained transformer (gpt), began to spread all over the world, and its appearance broke the artificial intelligence market that had been silent for many years. Generative ai refers to the technology of generating text, pictures, sounds, videos, codes and other contents based on algorithms, models and rules. This is an unsupervised or partially supervised machine learning framework, and generates content by using statistics, probability, etc. Different from previous artificial intelligence, generative artificial intelligence can not only extract information, but also create content and learn its pattern and distribution by using existing digital content inspection training examples. This paper discusses llm-type generative artificial intelligence represented by chatgpt. The explosion of llm-type generative artificial intelligence obviously exceeds people’s imagination of artificial intelligence, and artificial intelligence that has been silent for a long time has once again entered people’s eyes. Before chatgpt appeared, the application of any artificial intelligence practice was still relatively basic, mainly such as grammar checking, language polishing, text translation, data analysis, etc. This kind of automation technology with almost no adaptive ability is often called weak artificial intelligence. howeverChatgpt llm-type generative artificial intelligence has strong natural language processing ability and strong artificial intelligence characteristics, and has the ability to directly generate content. While people are surprised, there are also many questions. Can it really liberate human productivity? Or is it just an assistant to the advanced version? Specific to the construction of smart courts, is there any risk in this kind of generative artificial intelligence? Can it help judges effectively? Can it seamlessly join the existing smart court construction? The author believes that there is no doubt that it can bring new changes to the construction of smart courts and show great application potential. Although there are many problems at this stage, it does not hinder its application in courts, which is also the significance of writing this article. Llm-type generative artificial intelligence is a new direction for artificial intelligence, and it is also a booster for the construction of smart courts. Perhaps llm-type generative artificial intelligence will open the era of real artificial intelligence judicial application.

First, the necessity of llm-type generative artificial intelligence in smart courts.

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Definition of llm-type generative artificial intelligence

The specific application of generative artificial intelligence in smart courts is mainly llm-type generative artificial intelligence. The definition of llm-type generative artificial intelligence is emphasized in order to better understand the development process of this kind of artificial intelligence, so that it can be used better and clarify why llm-type generative artificial intelligence works. It is not difficult to find that chatgpt is very mature in many scenarios, such as article revision or translation, so only by understanding its definition can it be better used, instead of treating llm-type generative artificial intelligence like whispers. Although chatgpt is a technology to realize the large-scale language model of llm, llm was not widely discussed and used as an independent concept before chatgpt appeared, and then I will take chatgpt as an example, but it is only a concrete application of llm-type generative artificial intelligence after all, and it cannot be referred to as llm-type generative artificial intelligence by chatgpt alone.

The simple explanation of llm-type generative artificial intelligence is that it generates text, pictures and other contents based on llm model. The key is llm model, that is, large-scale language model, which refers to a language model with tens of millions of levels of parameters, which are trained on a large number of text data. The basic theory of llm model lies in natural language processing (nlp). The development stage of nlp is as follows: first, in the rule stage, people first acquire knowledge from data, sum up rules, write them out and teach them to machines, and then machines execute the rules to complete specific tasks. Then there is the statistical machine learning stage, in which knowledge is relayed by people and automatically learned from data by machines. Then there is the deep learning stage, in which the amount of labeled data is increased to tens of millions, and the typical pre-training stage is technology stack including transformer. Finally, at the stage of large-scale language model, it broke out from the end of 2022, with the aim of making machines understand human commands and follow human values. It can be seen that the ai tools in the previous stage were relatively mechanical, while llm-type generative artificial intelligence is a very large language model, with a huge amount of training data and model parameters. Therefore, in fact, llm-type generative artificial intelligence is not a sudden appearance, but a gradual change.

Next, we take the most common chatgpt as an example to analyze and extract the keywords of llm-type generative artificial intelligence. The so-called gpt pre-training is a pre-training language model based on transform model, and its training logic is as follows: First, corpus preparation, collecting a large number of text corpus from the Internet. The second is to preprocess the data, process the corpus, divide them into many independent sentences or paragraphs, and divide each sentence into words. After word segmentation, each word is converted into a number to generate a number sequence, and then a digital dictionary is constructed. Chatgpt training is to use these digital sequences to simulate scene experiments with transformer model, which requires a lot of manual intervention and fine-tuning the pre-training model by supervised learning. According to the reward model, the strategy is optimized, and then the output is generated. The pre-training of chatgpt should be based on forward transfer, reverse update and gradient convergence. The pre-training model reduces the cost of obtaining a higher level of artificial intelligence.

Here we extract several important keywords, data, model, pre-training and fine-tuning. Of course, it may be questioned why the transform model of chatgpt is not a key word, because the transform model is unique to ChatGPT, and the llm-type generative artificial intelligence chatglm-6b, which is similar to Tsinghua University’s open source, is based on the general language model(glm) architecture. In similar image fine-tuning, chatgpt also has its own unique rlhf technology, which is feedback learning from human feedback technology. By constructing human feedback data sets, a reward model is trained to imitate human preferences to score results.

In data, model, pre-training and fine-tuning, data and model are easy to understand, which is the starting point of llm generative artificial intelligence. In other words, there is no pre-training and fine-tuning without data and models. The latter two are the focus of llm-type generative artificial intelligence. Although the pre-training methods of llm-type generative artificial intelligence are different, there are still two key words at its core, namely embedding and prompt. prompt is an input prompting mechanism based on natural language generation model, which can guide the generation results of the model to some extent. Through prompt, we can provide some hints, conditions or contextual information to the model in the hope that the model can produce more accurate and expected output results. Embedding is the step of llm-type generative artificial intelligence to digest prompt, which is divided into word embedding and position embedding. Through the combination of the two and the application of the model, the output content can be obtained.

And fine-tuning, it is artificial to adjust the results of pre-training in order to achieve the target effect. It is not difficult to find that the operating principle of llm-type generative artificial intelligence actually matches the legal syllogism in legal practice, in which prompt stands for legal issues, embedding stands for the process of finding legal facts and norms, and fine-tuning is the final legal application. llm-type generative artificial intelligence is almost perfectly matched with the legal syllogism of "formal rule of law". Therefore, llm-type generative artificial intelligence has applicable space, but it also brings some problems.

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Current situation of artificial intelligence application in smart courts.

Is llm-type generative artificial intelligence helpful to the construction of existing smart courts, and is it still a "science fiction imagination"? Can it still cover the construction of smart courts? The author believes that this needs to start with the current situation of the construction of smart courts in China. The construction of smart courts in China has been going on, and now it has reached the stage of smart courts 3.0. However, how to subdivide and manage the judicial application of artificial intelligence is still slightly lacking at this stage. Under the current situation, it is not conducive to the development to call all artificial intelligence applications in a unified way, so the author combines the provisions of "Artificial Intelligence Opinions" to sort out the current judicial application of artificial intelligence.

The author believes that the existing domestic judicial applications of artificial intelligence can be divided into two categories, one is non-nlp artificial intelligence, the other is bias and program application and data operation and maintenance management, and the typical examples are online litigation, electronic delivery, voice conversion and character ocr recognition. In fact, these artificial intelligence technologies are relatively mature, and the author has actually felt the convenience in practical application. For example, Internet online litigation and the construction of Internet courts, China is still at the forefront of the world, which also shows the achievements of our smart courts. There is also electronic file filing, which effectively solves a large number of transactional problems. It should be emphasized that non-nlp artificial intelligence actually does not need the intervention of llm model, and it has its own set of technologies. Although llm model can also be competent for voice conversion, character ocr recognition and translation, its effect is not much different from that of the existing technology. If llm-type generative artificial intelligence is forcibly promoted, it may be counterproductive. The other is nlp artificial intelligence. According to the nlp development stage mentioned above, the nlp artificial intelligence of the smart court is only a rule stage and a statistical machine learning stage, so the actual effect is not ideal. Nlp artificial intelligence is commonly used in smart courts, such as document assistant system, litigation navigation, legal retrieval and so on.

At this stage, an important problem in smart courts is the backward model. As far as document assistance is concerned, at present, at most, format typesetting is relatively smooth, and intelligent document generation is almost impossible, including simple procedural documents. Although there are templates, they still rely mainly on manual filling, which is not artificial intelligence at all. In addition, the practical operation of document proofreading is relatively mechanical, and even the correction effect of the same type of documents on the market can not be achieved. In terms of legal retrieval, which judges pay more attention to, it basically relies on manual input and self-retrieval, even the so-called intelligent query, it is difficult to achieve satisfactory results. Moreover, in addition to the backward model, the source of data is also very backward, completely relying on manual import of materials, and sometimes even the law can not be complete, let alone case retrieval. In fact, about the backward model and data. Professor Zuo Weimin also pointed out this problem, but it has not been solved yet. Of course, the data source of chatgpt, the representative of llm generative artificial intelligence, is also relatively small, and it will only be in 2021, but it can basically understand some legal facts, and at least play a certain auxiliary role in effect. In this case, the existing nlp artificial intelligence will only make judges feel exclusive. The so-called artificial intelligence can’t help at all, and it doesn’t relieve their work pressure. The artificial intelligence in academic discussion is more like a fable.

From the perspective of foreign countries, its development is basically consistent with that of China. There are mainly intelligent programs and case retrieval. Of course, nlp artificial intelligence has developed faster outside the country than in China. Some countries have developed legal expert systems and judicial discretion models and used them in judicial practice to provide guidance or reference for judges and prosecutors to handle cases. Among them, the well-known is the Risk Assessment Tool (compas) used by some American states. This tool has also caused extensive discussion in American academic circles. It is worth noting that some foreign judges began to try to use chatgpt to assist the referee.

It can be seen that before the outbreak of llm-type generative artificial intelligence, there were judicial applications of artificial intelligence both inside and outside the domain, but it is obvious that the judicial application effect of existing artificial intelligence is limited, and only some weak artificial intelligence can be assisted (even this is not effective compared with similar products on the market), similar to Q&A retrieval or intelligent assistance, it is almost non-existent. The emergence of llm-type generative artificial intelligence has brought a new way, which can be predicted to point out a new direction for the construction of smart courts.

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Why do you need llm-type generative artificial intelligence

First of all, the Opinions on Artificial Intelligence emphasizes that people’s courts should constantly broaden the judicial application scenarios and scope of artificial intelligence when building smart courts. Through the above introduction, llm-type generative artificial intelligence is the latest stage of artificial intelligence achievement, and it is foreseeable that it will become more powerful and more operational in the future. When emphasizing the construction of smart courts, we should not turn a blind eye to new developments. Moreover, the construction of smart courts in China is in the forefront of the world, and it is inevitable to actively give back to llm-type generative artificial intelligence. By actively applying llm-type generative artificial intelligence to improve the practical judicial application of artificial intelligence, we can also keep ourselves at the forefront of artificial intelligence.

Secondly, llm-type generative artificial intelligence can effectively improve the application of nlp artificial intelligence in the current courts. As mentioned above, the model of nlp artificial intelligence in court is relatively backward, and the actual effect is not ideal. The application of llm-type generative artificial intelligence can alleviate this phenomenon, and through iterative model, it can make further progress even in the case of insufficient data sources. This can also effectively build a smart court. In practice, compared with now, llm-type generative artificial intelligence can help judges know the case quickly and accurately, saving a lot of time and energy. It can also extract valuable information from a large number of cases, provide reference for judges’ judgments, and improve the accuracy and fairness of judgments.

Finally, the new development of llm-type generative artificial intelligence can effectively alleviate judges’ worries about artificial intelligence. Some scholars have pointed out that the development mode of artificial intelligence at this stage is in the stage of research and development, application, improvement and promotion, and the wrong understanding of artificial intelligence by judges and other judicial personnel is not conducive to improving the accuracy of handling cases by judges and other judicial personnel, and is not conducive to the development and perfection of artificial intelligence in courts and other judicial fields. Although llm-type generative artificial intelligence is not perfect at present, it has achieved some initial results, and with the promotion of the Internet, judges’ cognition of llm-type generative artificial intelligence is still unfamiliar, but it has not produced great negative emotions. Therefore, strengthening the application of llm-type generative artificial intelligence can get rid of judges’ worries about artificial intelligence and make the construction of smart courts more fruitful.

To sum up, llm-type generative artificial intelligence is almost perfectly matched with the legal syllogism of "formal rule of law", which is very suitable for the vertical application of law. At the same time, llm-type generative artificial intelligence has a strong boost to the construction of today’s smart courts, and the necessity of applying llm-type generative artificial intelligence in smart courts is self-evident.

Second, the application of llm-type generative artificial intelligence in court

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Application of existing legal llm-type generative artificial intelligence

Because there is no llm-type generative artificial intelligence in the current court application, the author will introduce the existing legal llm-type generative artificial intelligence, on the one hand, it is also an outpost for how to use llm-type generative artificial intelligence in the future smart court construction, on the other hand, it actually answers the above question about why llm-type generative artificial intelligence is needed, because the market gives the best answer.

The existing application of legal llm-type generative artificial intelligence can be divided into two types. One is to use the interface of the existing model, directly call api, and then fine-tune it yourself, such as applying langchain or supabase technology, and then deploy it locally. The existing type is the ai of Peking University Magic Weapon or the ai legal assistant. In fact, this class is not much different from chatgpt, so it is not over-described. The other is to use the open source model to pre-train, and now the common ones are powerlawglm, lawyer-llama, chatlaw and lawgpt. This kind of artificial intelligence can be regarded as legal llm-type generative artificial intelligence in the vertical field, and all of the above are reused under the open source model, and most of them are not directly commercially available but laboratory works.

Taking lawgpt as an example, the training process of lawgpt series models is divided into two stages: the first stage: expanding the legal vocabulary and pre-training the open-source models on large-scale legal documents and code data; the second stage: constructing a dialogue question-and-answer data set in the legal field, and instructing fine tuning based on the pre-training model. In fact, this is the same as the llm-type generative artificial intelligence keyword mentioned above. Its data sources are official data from China Inspection Network, China Judgment Document Network, National Judicial Examination Center of the Ministry of Justice, national laws and regulations database, legal technology competition data and legal question and answer data. Taking chatlaw as an example, its data is mainly composed of forums, news, laws, judicial interpretations, legal consultations, law examination questions and judgment documents, and then the dialogue data is constructed through cleaning and data enhancement.

It is not difficult to see that this is actually the same as the keywords mentioned above. The author introduces the application of existing legal llm-type generative artificial intelligence here. On the one hand, it plays an important role in the construction of smart courts. On the other hand, it actually introduces the operational logic of llm-type generative artificial intelligence again, which is closely related to legal syllogism and can be well applied to the vertical field of law. Similarly, after introducing the existing legal llm-type generative artificial intelligence, it seems that some problems of judicial application of artificial intelligence mentioned before have a more practical solution direction, which the author will respond to below.

The above-mentioned legal llm-type generative artificial intelligence appeared in the past six months. It can be seen that legal llm-type generative artificial intelligence is a hot direction, so the construction of smart courts also needs legal llm-type generative artificial intelligence. So how operable is it to be applied in court, and what is the direction of its future application? The answer will be given below.

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Realistic landing and future exploration of the application of smart court

As mentioned above, llm-type generative artificial intelligence is a new stage of nlp, which can effectively improve the nlp application at this stage. At the same time, for non-nlp types, it has no improvement effect, and the concept of forced nesting will only be counterproductive, and this is a manifestation of the disconnection between practice and theory. The author believes that the following scenarios can be applied to llm-type generative artificial intelligence:

Scenario 1: Legal search, assisting judges in handling cases. The author thinks that the more mature application at this stage is to consult the legal content and save the time of manual retrieval. I think this application can be realized as soon as possible. From the practical point of view, taking chatgpt as an example, it basically gives an explanation when Chinese corpus is scarce. Therefore, this application can be predicted, and the actual effect is not very bad.

Chatlaw, for example, can basically answer the corresponding law retrieval questions. Of course, the biggest problem of legal retrieval is to ensure the credibility of data. As far as the above results are concerned, although it is basically available, in practice, local regulations have not been included, which has not solved the pain points of grass-roots courts well, but compared with the current mechanical manual retrieval or big data retrieval, the effect has been remarkable. However, what is lacking now is that the retrieval of specific legal documents has not been realized, which is also the direction that llm generative artificial intelligence needs to work hard in the vertical field of law.

The further conception, that is, llm-type generative artificial intelligence guesses the judgment result, is similar to the application of the current sentencing model, which shows that the laws and regulations, judicial interpretation, judgment cases, legal facts and evidence materials involved in the case are input, and then the corresponding judgment result is obtained. This kind of application is obviously professional and complex, and it really helps judges to judge quickly and improve their legal application ability. However, the author thinks that even if it is difficult to have a model to actually operate now, it can be used as the future development direction. Of course, many scholars have already discussed the possibility of using this point in the future, and there are many problems involved, such as data security, algorithm problems and whether it can replace judges. If it is to be used in the future, these problems must be solved first.

Scenario 2: Pre-ai litigation consultation. Pre-ai litigation consultation can effectively solve the work efficiency problem of the current court filing window, prevent judges from becoming pure legal consultants, and also play a certain role in popularizing the law. The author mentioned above that there are some similar applications in the realization stage, but the effect is limited to presenting the law and telling how to sue, and the answer effect is average, just "feeding information". Through the application of llm-type generative artificial intelligence, we can effectively answer the questions of the parties, at the same time, we can evaluate the litigation according to the facts provided by the parties, provide legal knowledge and litigation risk analysis for the parties, and give appropriate solutions. The parties can get the results they want only through simple consultation, thus making the litigation convenient and efficient and effectively reducing the litigation burden of the parties. This application can be placed in the court filing window, the court WeChat WeChat official account, and 12368, which liberates a lot of labor to a certain extent and can also solve the problem of many lawsuits at present. From a practical point of view, chatgpt can initially answer questions effectively, and I think this is also a scene that can be landed in the near future.

Chatlaw, for example, can basically answer the corresponding legal consultation questions, including but not limited to legal consultation, judicial examination consultation and so on. What needs to be clear is that when the smart court is arranged, the pre-ai litigation is only a reference for the parties and cannot be used in formal procedures, otherwise the court will be held hostage by the pre-ai. Pre-ai litigation consultation is a direction in which llm-type generative artificial intelligence can be put into practice quickly. The author thinks this can be the main direction of llm-type generative artificial intelligence’s smart court experiment.

Scenario 3: Legal document assistance. Llm-type generative artificial intelligence is more realistic in the near future to strengthen the ability of document modification. Nowadays, the revision of court documents is still relatively backward, and llm-type generative artificial intelligence can effectively solve this problem. At this point, chatgpt has become the mainstream direction of text retouching and modification. Of course, the most noteworthy thing is whether llm generative artificial intelligence can directly generate documents. In my opinion, for some procedural documents, such as summary procedure decisions, or rulings with simple contents, and judgments with fixed contents similar to those in criminal cases, at this stage, llm-type generative artificial intelligence can be tried to liberate judicial staff from heavy and boring procedures and pay better attention to the trial itself. For complex documents, the author thinks that further training is needed. From the practical point of view, chatgpt can only give a very abstract framework, which has no practical significance. Of course, with the update iteration of artificial intelligence application, the maturity and accuracy of its content will be improved continuously, and it will be closer to professional judges. But there are still many doubts about whether it can replace judges.

Third, the realistic response to the application problem of llm generative artificial intelligence

Llm-type generative artificial intelligence is a new direction of artificial intelligence, and its great progress has really put some artificial intelligence problems in front of legal people, and the previous "science fiction fantasy" may be realized soon. However, as the author mentioned, the theoretical discussion on the application of artificial intelligence in the judiciary in China is perfect, such as data security and algorithms, which have been discussed in detail by scholars. Back to the title, the author emphasizes that "realistic response" is actually an analysis of the key words of llm-type generative artificial intelligence and the existing Opinions on Artificial Intelligence. Many scholars have made detailed research on some advanced theoretical problems. The emergence of llm-type generative artificial intelligence is to amplify some previously discussed problems. However, these problems cannot prevent llm-type generative artificial intelligence from being applied in the construction of intelligent courts. The author believes that the advantages of llm-type generative artificial intelligence outweigh the disadvantages as long as it is effectively restricted. Interestingly, when the author inquired about the shortcomings of chatgpt’s application in China courts, he also gave the answer: the conclusion drawn by chatgpt may be influenced by the deviation of training data, and there is a risk of misjudgment. Chatgpt can’t consider the specific details and background of the case, and sometimes it ignores important information. Chatgpt can’t completely replace human judges at present, and some judgments need human wisdom and experience.

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The data problem depends on who controls it.

First of all, all artificial intelligence can’t avoid the problem of data security. For data security, the author thinks that the court must pay more attention to data security than other industries, but llm-type generative artificial intelligence needs to deal with an extremely large amount of sensitive data, such as legal documents, cases, user information, etc., which may far exceed the current data volume. If there is not enough data security protection, it may lead to information leakage or malicious use. In fact, the principle of safety and legality is also explicitly mentioned in the Opinions on Artificial Intelligence. Therefore, for security problems, llm-type generative artificial intelligence can be used on the premise of ensuring security. But in fact, if you think about it carefully, the focus of data security is actually the protection of the parties’ information in the court trial stage, especially the file security of criminal files. Other data are actually public, and the data used by some legal llm-type generative artificial intelligence applications in the market mentioned above are also public data on the network, so there is no data security problem. The data security problem of llm-type generative artificial intelligence actually focuses on the data in the court stage, and whoever generates and manages it may be the best solution. Since you are so worried about data security, it may be the best way not to outsource, and court management of data can also effectively solve another problem of data, that is, whether the data itself is correct. If it is wrong data input, it will be wrong data anyway. Moreover, it is undeniable that other technology companies are more or less lacking in data, no matter who has the most comprehensive judicial data,That must belong to the court itself. In addition, there is a basic problem of data problem, which is the choice of model. Moreover, whether you choose the existing model or there will be a new model in the future, you need to use external resources, which inevitably leads to security problems. The author believes that it is more appropriate to choose an open source domestic data model at this time.

The author believes that the construction of the smart court itself should be led by the court, and other technical support needs to be guided by the court, so that it can not only solve the data problem, but also lead the next practical application. Moreover, many of the existing legal llm-type generative artificial intelligence applications introduced by the author above are projects carried out by university laboratories. There is no need to have a fear of difficulties for all artificial intelligence applications, and the profession belongs to the profession, but it does not mean that it is completely abandoned.

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The algorithm problem depends on how to use it.

As for the algorithm of artificial intelligence, as the author mentioned many times above, many scholars have discussed it. The common problems are algorithm discrimination and algorithm black box.

Just like the court-dominated model mentioned by the author in the last paragraph, if the court dominates the application of llm-type generative artificial intelligence, then the problem of algorithm discrimination and algorithm black box can be effectively controlled, and the court’s active participation in the formulation of the algorithm can eliminate the unfavorable factors of the algorithm.

In fact, the author has introduced some operational diagrams of llm-type generative artificial intelligence applications above. It is not difficult to see that the principle of the pre-training stage is not complicated, especially when the model is open source, and there is no so-called algorithm black box problem. In terms of embedding technology, it is actually the splitting and integration of data. If it is open source, it can actually predict the input results. This is also in line with the provisions on transparency in the Opinions on Artificial Intelligence.

At present, the algorithm problem of llm generative artificial intelligence focuses on the fine-tuning stage, so this stage depends entirely on human participation, and if someone participates, there will be the above-mentioned algorithm discrimination and algorithm black box problem. The author thinks that the more appropriate solution is that the court dominates the algorithm process and allocates relevant personnel to participate in the algorithm calculation process.

In fact, under the premise that the principle of auxiliary trial has been clearly defined in the Opinions on Artificial Intelligence, the algorithm problem in the trial process is actually a pseudo-problem, because the final decision-maker is in the hands of the judge, and the discrimination and black box problem of the algorithm will actually return to the professional ethics of the judge, so it is difficult to call it an algorithm problem. Because the "robot judge" can no longer exist, there is no risk in the application of artificial intelligence as long as the principle is adhered to under the premise that the Supreme Court has determined the principle. However, the author mentioned a problem in the previous article, that is, when doing pre-ai consultation, the algorithm problem will be more prominent. On the one hand, it can be effectively handled through the above means. On the other hand, through the open source data model, ensuring predictability can also alleviate the risk of pre-ai consultation and truly let legal consultation enter ordinary people.

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Fairness and justice are the bottom line.

Fairness and justice are the bottom line of justice. Under the premise that the principle of auxiliary trial has been clearly defined in the Opinions on Artificial Intelligence, how to ensure fairness and justice through llm-type generative artificial intelligence is the most critical direction.

Looking back to now, the focus of this paper is on the application of the court, and it is true that llm-type generative artificial intelligence can effectively promote the construction of smart courts, but the question is how to choose other litigants when the court uses these advanced artificial intelligence. According to the author’s previous statement, there have been many legal llm-type generative artificial intelligence on the market, and litigants can choose. However, the reality is that the data source of the court is the most comprehensive, and other market-oriented models certainly can’t reach this level. At the same time, since it is market-oriented, not all participants in the proceedings may have the money to buy it, let alone the defendants in criminal proceedings. Scholars in Europe and the United States have also pointed out that this obviously violates the principle of "equality of arms". This is a real problem, which violates the principle of fairness and justice. One method is the open source model, which can be used by all litigants. This can really solve the problem, but the problem is that opening all materials will only make the court lose control of llm-type generative artificial intelligence. When litigants take the results generated by artificial intelligence to defend, the court is obviously in a passive position. Moreover, under the premise of clarifying the principle of auxiliary trial, it is actually to avoid the defects of llm-type generative artificial intelligence. If it is used open source, it will only expose the defects again.

Therefore, the author thinks that the best way to solve the problem is to let the judge clearly use the scenes and results of llm-type generative artificial intelligence, that is, the use of this process needs to be displayed to the outside world. Above, the author mentioned some recent applications of llm-type generative artificial intelligence abroad, and these judges made it clear that they were only auxiliary. Even if they were not separately stated in the judgment, they would clearly indicate that they would inform the parties that they had used llm-type generative artificial intelligence. The author believes that if llm-type generative artificial intelligence is used in court on a large scale, the presiding judge should inform all parties that he may use llm-type generative artificial intelligence to assist in judgment. What I emphasize here is this kind of auxiliary judgment, not looking up information. If we just look up information, we don’t need to explain the participants in the lawsuit. And if the judge makes some auxiliary judgments through llm-type generative artificial intelligence, and the judge in charge adopts this auxiliary judgment result. The author thinks that the judge in charge should show in the judgment why he used llm-type generative artificial intelligence to provide trial-assisted results, and should not neglect judicial justice because of the application of artificial intelligence. In addition, for litigants, they can also apply to the court to use llm-type generative artificial intelligence. Generally speaking, the application of llm generative artificial intelligence in court trial practice needs to adhere to the principle of openness in the whole process. Only in this way can people’s doubts about llm generative artificial intelligence be eliminated and justice be more fair and just.

tag

With the development of Smart Court 4.0, artificial intelligence will fully empower all business links of the court. At present, some applications of artificial intelligence technology are just the tip of the iceberg. With the development of llm-type generative artificial intelligence, more and more mature artificial intelligence products will serve the court, comprehensively deepen the construction of smart courts, improve the efficiency of judicial trials, and achieve a higher level of digital justice.

Wonderful review of the past

Ni Zihan | A New Solution to Data Compliance of Generative Artificial Intelligence Enterprises under the Path of Separation of Three Powers

Zheng Sen | On the Copyright Law Regulation of Songs Generated by aigc

Criminal Law Protection of Yang Zi ‘an | ｜chatgpt Artificial Intelligence Products

Research on Copyright of Artificial Intelligence Products by Tang Qirou

Zhou Jinli | Copyright and Default Ownership Distribution of Artificial Intelligence Generated Content —— Also on the Selection Probability Criteria for Judging the Originality of Works

Zhao Guoqing | On the Copyright Law Regulation of Content Generated by Virtual Digital Man Technology

Official website, Shanghai Law Society

http://www.sls.org.cn

Shangguan author: Shanghai Law Society

Special feature of 1905 film network After waiting for 7 years, I finally met the audience.From the official announcement of this project, from the pre-announcement to the information revealed from time to time, it is enough to witness the trader behind the film — —Louis Koo; Tin LokThe heart.

As we all know, this is his long-planned ambition.In 2015, the official announcement of the project cost 450 million Hong Kong dollars, of which the light special effects took five years.

Why did the special effects take so long?Because Louis Koo insisted on using the China team to create the whole film, starting from scratch, as he said, "If you use a foreign team, it will be easy to do it, because you can’t learn anything. If you shoot again, you will let others help you, and you will never learn."

In fact, as early as 2009, when Louis Koo was promoting, he said more than once, "In the future, I want to make a science fiction film that belongs to Asia."

But if we want to trace back to the singularity of this idea, it may take longer, but it may be a glimmer in Louis Koo’s heart at that time, or a "force" that has not yet been excavated.

01. singularity

Today’s Louis Koo, in the eyes of the outside world, has many labels — — The "Gu Principal" who has devoted himself to charity, as the dual "Gu President" of the Hong Kong Film Workers’ Federation and the President of the Hong Kong Artists Association, has always maintained the "Gu Model" of film creation and the "Gu Boss" of many film and television companies.

But before 2009, for many viewers, he was a childhood male god, an actor with acting skills, and there were no other more identity labels.

Around the Millennium, Louis Koo, who won many awards on the small screen, turned to the big screen completely.Although in many urban light comedies, he can be seen as the leading actor, handsome appearance, and this kind of film has a high degree of adaptability, but in more A-class movies, he mostly appears as a supporting role.

It was not until 2007 that he was nominated for the first film award. Even the director bluntly said, "Gu Zi started to really put aside his idol burden from this movie. Later, there was no shackles at all, so the opportunities became a lot. "

With more and more opportunities, more aspects of Louis Koo were gradually revealed. In 2008, he published the book Toy Wars.

Just like what has been told repeatedly, Louis Koo is a sci-fi fan, and he has been obsessed with the "Dark Knight" in movies since he was a child.

It was the first sci-fi movie his parents took him to see, and he was quickly attracted by the mysterious Darth Vader wearing a black helmet. Perhaps there, it became the beginning of his sci-fi movie dream.

Boys always like to play with all kinds of remote-controlled cars and model cars when they are young. If possible, they must want to collect all of them.

The same is true of Louis Koo. The ancient mother once said that he likes to assemble the model car little by little and put it neatly at home, "and then show a satisfied look".Maybe I really answered the sentence, "A man is a teenager until he dies".

In 2003, Louis Koo went to Cannes International Film Festival with the crew, passing by a toy store, and saw a 1:1 half-length Darth Vader model with his mask off. He wanted it very much, but the shopkeeper was reluctant to give up at first.

Unexpectedly, Louis Koo, in order to show his sincerity, bought other models in the shop in one gulp, only with the owner’s consent, bought the Darth Vader.

At this point, he started the journey of collecting models crazily. As the screenwriter described it, "the degree of investment can be said to be’ plunged into it’".

When he bought more and more models, he directly bought a warehouse to store them. He once compared the recording site of a program, "almost, even bigger", and the recording site covers an area of about 1200 square meters.

Since then, it seems that he has added a label, a teenager who loves to play with hand-made toys.However, there is always a barrier to the behavior of collecting this second element by hand. Some media have asked him if he has time to play with his hand in the near future. As a result, he looked wooden. "Huh? I’m not 3 years old, and I still play with my hand? They are just collections. "

It is true that all his collections are aimed at understanding how these foreign model mechs are designed. "I never liked to play with those toys. They are as tall as us. What’s so interesting about them? I bought them for research. In the future, I hope I can make a science fiction film, which we have never had in Asia, but I think it will take a long time to study."

In the program at that time, the host didn’t understand him and asked, "Is it seven?" At that time, it was just released for one year, and it was already the science fiction movie closest to the audience.

Obviously, the sci-fi movie that Louis Koo wants to shoot is obviously not the kind of parent-child comedy, but he doesn’t avoid it either. It is really after watching Changjiang No.7 that he has strengthened his confidence in shooting sci-fi movies.

02. The best in the world

Louis Koo had a plan in mind after he firmly established the idea of sci-fi movies. It would take about eight years to realize it, and the biggest problems he encountered were high investment and special effects.

He has looked for many film and television companies for this, and he has touched the wall and has been affirmed. In any case, he is laying the foundation for realizing this idea.

For a long time in the past, the film density in Louis Koo was extremely high, but the word-of-mouth was mixed. To put it mildly, a model worker; What is not pleasant to say is "the king of bad movies".

It’s not that no one around him has advised him to spend more time choosing scripts. His answer is always, "I want to film, and many people need me."

I can’t be idle, and I can’t be idle.Over time, this artist who doesn’t want to rest has become an invisible rich man in the entertainment circle. In 2013, he set up his own film and television company, which is a "one in the world" company integrating film creation and distribution, post-production, artist brokerage and equipment leasing.

The biggest reason for setting up this company is for Tomorrow’s Battle.

Through "Best in the World", Louis Koo has successively acquired a number of post-production companies specializing in post-production and digital special effects, including FATface production, the most important post-production company of Battle of Tomorrow.

Tung shing Yee lamented more than once that Louis Koo is one of the "pillars" of the Hong Kong film industry. "He makes money and puts it in movies. Movies are very expensive, so he actually invests fully in the bank. "

Finally, in 2015, Louis Koo announced with great confidence that The Battle of Tomorrow was launched.

The director is a newcomer, but his other identity is the boss of FATface production, and he has participated in the visual effects production of many films such as Painted Skin.

Louis Koo also looked for other directors, but everyone felt that they had never made such a film and didn’t know how to make it. "I need someone who is very familiar with special effects to cooperate." Moreover, his idea is very simple. The film should be made by his own local team, not by a foreign team, and everything should be done by himself.The words are simple, but the challenges are great.

The special effects team can’t be quick in one day, but can only accumulate experience from different projects as if it were an upgrade. For a long time, many China films, especially those made in Hong Kong, can see the shadow of "the best in the world" at the end of the film.

And the most important part of the mecha design, Louis Koo invited Mike Nash, a "god-class" designer in the game industry, to make it. Almost every step is the top presentation.

Just like his Toy Wars, many book fans read it and thought it was an ordinary photo, but they didn’t expect to interpret each model in great detail.

This kind of understanding is more thorough in "Tomorrow’s War". Even Yuen Fai Ng, the director who is also a sci-fi fan, is ashamed. "It is difficult to find an actor who knows so much about science fiction. To some extent, he is a consultant."

In the end, "Battle of Tomorrow" used more than 1,700 special effects shots, accounting for 90% of the whole film, and the difficulty of making special effects in the later period can be imagined.

There is a line in the film, "We decide what the ending is", which may also be Louis Koo’s footnote in "Tomorrow’s War".

As for what will follow?He also wants to shoot more sci-fi movies made by China’s team.

Not long ago, he just officially announced another sci-fi movie "Ladder". "Because of the first time, it will be easier to do it next time. That is a brand-new space story. The shooting is ten times more complicated than this one. It will build a 360-degree large LED and create an IMAX effect. "

03. Beyond the story

The War of Tomorrow seems to be more like the other side of Louis Koo’s "model worker", which is divorced from rapid creation and realizes its value more delicately.It seems to be to realize my childhood dream, and more to improve the development of the entire film industry.

Just like the "best in the world" behind it, in the stage of rapid input and output, the more purpose is to cultivate the new generation of local film talents and break the negative barriers of the Hong Kong film industry.

All this is very much like Louis Koo himself. If you don’t promote the film, you will hardly come out for an interview. Even if you are interviewed, all the content revolves around the work itself, and there is no more information to disclose.

If it weren’t for Tung shing Yee’s exposure in Weibo in 2014, the outside world would never know. After the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, Louis Koo successively invested 10 million yuan to establish primary schools, many health centers and water wells in Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan.If asked by the media, he would only say, "I don’t want to talk more."

It is true that as early as the publication of Toy Wars, he had already explained that all the proceeds would be donated to UNICEF after deducting expenses, so that he could do good deeds while realizing his dreams.

Not only that, one of the toys in his collection came from an online auction. The other daughter was seriously ill and eager to raise money. Without saying anything, Louis Koo immediately photographed the toy. "It’s not just a collection, but the meaning behind it is more important."

All kinds of behaviors are mostly related to his young past experiences, but the past is no longer important, but now he is showing the brighter side of life in an extremely low-key way.

Someone once described him as a plain Louis Koo.He said, yes, "I really feel ordinary."Just, now, it seems, is ambitious.

　　(data map)

　　Overseas networkDecember 11th.Following last week’s exposure that he had kissed the American hostess in the elevator, the US media revealed President Trump’s special hobby last Saturday (9th), saying that he spent 8 hours watching TV programs every day, and in addition, he had to drink 12 cans of Coke every day.

　　Recently, The New York Times visited 60 Trump aides, colleagues, friends and members of Congress, and found that the 71-year-old Trump is keen on watching TV besides social networks. At most, he spends 8 hours watching TV programs every day. The most shocking thing is that he drinks 12 cans of Diet Coke every day.

　　(data map)

　　According to relevant sources, Trump only sleeps for 5 to 6 hours every day. After getting up at 5: 30 in the morning, he will watch TV in the bedroom of the White House. He will spend at least 4 hours watching the news every day and occasionally watch 8 hours. CNN, Fox News and MSNBC are all on the list. Although CNN has been reprimanded by Trump for broadcasting "fake news" several times, he still watches it. According to informed sources, sometimes Trump will fly into a rage all day after watching the news, and then he will bombard the media that angered him on Twitter.

　　(Source: Daily Mail)

　　It is reported that Trump is still a crazy cola fan. He often drinks 12 cans of diet coke a day, and his daily caffeine intake far exceeds the recommended value of doctors.

　　The report pointed out that "Trump is redefining ‘ since he took office for more than a year; President ’ The meaning, and Twitter is a sword in its administration. " Since Trump was elected president of the United States in 2016, his Twitter account has been highly concerned, and the current number of fans is 44.02 million. Trump updated tweets frequently, which earned him the title of "Twitter governing the country". Its tweet style is famous for its "gunfire" style. In addition to expressing dissatisfaction and speaking freely through Twitter, it often makes its views public through tweets. According to the latest annual statistical report released by Twitter, the person who was most discussed on Twitter in 2017 was the current US President Trump. (Compile/Overseas Network Sharla Cheung)

　　　　　　 CCTV News:The relevant person in charge of the Consumption Promotion Department of the Ministry of Commerce said yesterday (September 17) that in August, with the situation of epidemic prevention and control in China continuing to improve, social production and living order generally returned to normal. The vitality of various market players has been continuously enhanced, and measures to promote consumption policies have continued to exert their strength. The consumer goods market has achieved positive growth for the first time this year.

　　　　　　 In August, the growth rate of commodity sales accelerated. The consumption of upgraded goods such as communication equipment, cosmetics, gold and silver jewelry and automobiles increased rapidly; The consumption of basic commodities such as beverages and daily necessities has maintained an increasing trend.

　　　　　　 Service consumption continued to recover. In August, catering revenue was 361.9 billion yuan, down 7.0% year-on-year, and the decline rate was 4 percentage points narrower than that of last month. The market activity of service industries such as accommodation, culture and entertainment has improved, and the business activity index is higher than 57.0%, which is higher than that of last month. The business volume of national express service enterprises reached 7.24 billion pieces, up 36.5% year-on-year.

　　　　　　 Urban and rural consumption has turned positive simultaneously. In August, the total retail sales of urban consumer goods was 2.9 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 0.5%; The retail sales of rural consumer goods reached 429.8 billion yuan, up 0.7% year-on-year.

　　　　　　 Internet consumption is growing at a high speed. From January to August, the national online retail sales reached 7.0 trillion, up 9.5% year-on-year. The relevant person in charge of the Consumption Promotion Department of the Ministry of Commerce said that at present, China’s epidemic prevention and control has achieved significant strategic results, and the consumer market has entered the "Golden September and Silver 10" consumption peak season. With the in-depth organization and implementation of a series of consumption promotion activities and measures, market popularity has steadily rebounded, business order has been fully restored, consumption potential has been continuously replenished and released, and consumption recovery momentum has been further consolidated.

　　Recently, the price of gold has continued to be strong. As of March 5, the closing price of London gold reached a record high of $2,127.6 per ounce, and domestic SHFE gold.The contract reached 498 yuan/gram, approaching the 500 yuan/gram mark.

　　Since 2023, driven by multiple factors, such as the decline of inflation risk in the United States, the advance of the Fed’s interest rate cut expectation, geopolitics and the increase of risk aversion, the price of gold has fluctuated and risen, and it has continuously broken through historical highs in recent years.

　　What factors are driving the price of gold to rise?

　　Four driving forces of gold:Attribute, financial attribute, commodity attribute and risk aversion attribute are the four core driving forces of gold, and also the key influencing factors of gold price fluctuation.

　　In recent years, the change of gold price mainly comes from the reality of American debt.Driven investment demand, hedging demand and the demand of central banks to buy gold.

　　Among them, the US debt is actuallyIt is the anchor of short-term pricing of gold, and the relationship between gold price and US bond interest rate is inversely variable. In the context of anti-globalization, frequent geopolitical conflicts and the wobbling of the US dollar credit system have pushed central banks to continue to purchase gold, and the scale of global central bank purchases has increased significantly in 2021-2023. The active increase of central banks is mainly due to avoiding credit currency risks and diversification of reserve assets, which has become the support of gold prices in the medium and long term.

　　Gold price trend resumption

　　Since the fourth quarter of 2023, the market expects the end of the Fed’s interest rate hike cycle, pushing the gold price back to the rising channel, and the follow-up market mainly fluctuates around the Fed’s liquidity expectations.

Data source:

　　From October 2023 to December 2023, the interest rate cut is expected to heat up rapidly, catalyzing the gold price to fluctuate upward. At the beginning of October, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict boosted the demand for safe haven of gold. At the same time, due to OctoberSlowing down, in November, the Fed’s meeting on interest rates was biased, and the end of the interest rate hike cycle was highly certain, which triggered a rapid increase in interest rate cut expectations and triggered gold to enter the rising market.

　　From January 2024 to mid-February 2024, the interest rate cut is expected to fall, which will promote the phased correction of gold prices. Since January, the US economy and inflation data have exceeded expectations, indicating that the economic resilience is still strong, and premature interest rate cuts may trigger the risk of secondary inflation again. Superimposed on the hawkish speeches of the Federal Reserve, the expected rate cut continued to be adjusted back, and the market’s expected rate cut time was moved from March to June, which triggered the strengthening of the US dollar index, the upward interest rate of US debt, and the corresponding adjustment of gold prices.

　　Since late February 2024, liquidity easing is expected to rise, and the price of gold has risen rapidly. On the one hand, American economic data slowed down, with new orders for durable goods in January and ISM manufacturing in February.Both fell short of expectations, and the year-on-year growth rate of per capita disposable income dropped significantly in January. The market bet that the probability of interest rate cuts in June this year will rise. On the other hand, the views of the Federal Reserve are biased. On March 1st, Federal Reserve official Waller suggested that the Federal Reserve should "buy short and sell long" on its balance sheet, so as to push down the interest rate of US debt and the price of gold rose rapidly.

　　Can gold go up in the future?

　　Historically, the emergence of every round of gold bull market is inseparable from the strength of the gold currency attribute, which reflects the changing forces of all parties in the international monetary system. Since 2018, the international geopolitical situation has become increasingly complex. The Sino-US game, the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and the Palestinian-Israeli issue have continued to emerge, and the world has entered the process of "dollarization", which is manifested in dollars.Decline, gold reserves rise. Looking ahead, the price of gold is still rising.

　　Short-term Catalysis-Expectation of Fed’s Interest Rate Reduction

　　It is only a matter of time before the Fed cuts interest rates. In the short term, the interest rate of US bonds has a strong downward trend, which has formed upward support for gold prices. In 2024, the most critical factors affecting the interest rate trend of US debt are the US economy, inflation and the direction of the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy.

　　In the short term, the inflation risk in the United States repeatedly restricts the opening of interest rate cuts. However, under the high interest rate environment, the cooling of the US economy is still the main trend, and the pressure on the supply of superimposed US bonds is eased, and the downward trend of the interest rate center of US bonds is the general direction.

　　In combination with the recent statement of the Federal Reserve’s voting committee that "the eagle will switch to the pigeon", it is only a matter of time before the interest rate cut cycle starts. From the point of view, 4.2%-4.3% or the top range of this round of 10Y US bond interest rate shocks, the US bond interest rate is more likely to enter the downward channel, which will promote the demand for gold investment to heat up. After two rounds of interest rate cuts in 2007 and 2019, the price of gold rose significantly before the Fed cut interest rates.

　　Gold prices have started to rise before interest rate cuts in 2007 and 2019.

Data source:

　　Short-term catalysis-geopolitical disturbance in global election year catalyzes central banks to buy gold

　　2024 will be the biggest election year in history. According to incomplete statistics, in 2024, more than 70 countries and regions will hold elections around the world, covering nearly half of the world’s population and nearly 50% of the total economic output, among which the elections in the United States, Russia, Ukraine, India and other places are particularly eye-catching. The regime change and policy adjustment in these countries will bring greater uncertainty and geopolitical friction or increase. Therefore, the increase in demand for safe haven in election year is also continuing to catalyze the purchase of gold by central banks.

The scale of gold purchases by central banks in various countries is at a historical high. Data source:

　　Long-term catalysis: the global monetary system has a trend of "dollarization"

　　Global central banks reduce their holdings of US debt and increase their holdings of gold.Technical spare tire international monetary system, going to the dollar continues to advance. Specifically,

　　Global central banks reduce their holdings of US debt: The scale of foreign investors’ holdings of US debt fluctuates at a high level. The Bank of China has continuously reduced its holdings of US debt since 2014, and the recent reduction has accelerated.

　　Global gold reserve growth: According to the survey of the World Gold Council, the proportion of central banks planning to increase gold reserves in the coming year (24%) is significantly higher than that of central banks planning to reduce gold reserves (3%), and the attitude of central banks in various economies towards the future status of the US dollar is more pessimistic than previous surveys. In contrast, the role of central banks in various economies in the future of gold has become more optimistic. Among them, 62% of the central banks surveyed said that the proportion of gold in total reserves will rise in the future, compared with 42% last year.

　　Potential hegemony over the dollarImpact:Decentralization through technology may become an alternative to the future international monetary system, but the system still needs to be improved.

　　Long-term catalysis: debt crisis drives gold to rise

　　Historically, the European debt crisis has catalyzed the upward trend of gold prices. At present, the leverage ratio of countries around the world is at a historical high. During the European debt crisis, the market became increasingly worried about the sovereign debt risks of European peripheral countries, and the stability of the euro system was in doubt, and funds poured into gold, which rose sharply. The leverage ratio of government departments in major countries in the world is at a historical high, and the leverage ratio of residents and non-financial enterprises in some countries is under high pressure, and the global debt cycle is blocked and long.

　　The downgrade of U.S. sovereign rating is favorable for gold: Fitch’s downgrade of U.S. sovereign rating indicates the future financial pressure and debt default risk of the United States. As a super-sovereign currency, gold is expected to gain excess returns in the upward stage of U.S. sovereign credit risk.

(Article source:)

Yingli Village, Qiaotou Township, Shenze County, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province (photo by Xu Hui)

　　Cctv news(Reporter Xu Hui) The rural "toilet revolution" is not only an important basic project, but also a civilized project and a livelihood project. In 2015, in Shenze County, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, the renovation of rural toilets was started, and each toilet was awarded 500 yuan. However, some people in Yingli Village, Qiaotou Township got up with this idea, and more than 100 toilets were inflated at once. The local discipline inspection and supervision department said that it would investigate this.

　　Yingli Village, Shenze County, with a population of more than 1,800, began to renovate toilets in 2015, and the rural sanitation has been improved to some extent.

　　According to the registration form (hereinafter referred to as the registration form) obtained from the Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Shenze County, there are 684 toilets in Yingli Village that have been renovated.

　　The reporter saw from the registration form that the heads of households with serial numbers 1 and 9 were all named Lv Jianzhong, and the head of household with serial number 2 was named Lv Jianzhong 2, which indicated that two toilets had been renovated. The head of household with serial number 11 is named Lv Zhiyao, and the head of household with serial number 88 is named Lv Zhidan.

　　Wu Zhanfu, secretary of the Party branch of Yingli Village, explained that "Lv Jianzhong 2" means one household with two houses, and with the serial numbers 1 and 9, there are four houses in this household. In the renovation of rural toilets in 2015, three toilets in Lv Jianzhong’s home were renovated. "Lv Jianzhong has two cold storages and a house, and a total of three toilets have been rebuilt."

　　Lv Jianzhong, on the other hand, told reporters that he did have two cold storages and one residence, but only one cold storage and one residence was changed in the toilet renovation. "Lv Zhiyao and Lv Zhidan are my sons. They all live in other places and have no house in the village. Our family only changed two toilets, but this list shows that six have been changed. "

　　Wu Zhanfu said he didn’t understand what Lv Jianzhong said was inconsistent with the data sheet. "This is indeed a problem. I don’t know why he (Lv Jianzhong) has so many more families."

　　Moreover, Wu Zhanfu also encountered a similar situation. The heads of registration forms No.243 and No.244 were "Wu Zhanfu" and "Wu Zhanfu 2" respectively. "Our family only has one house, and there are two more toilets for no reason."

　　Villager Hao Yingqi’s home was also "taken" by several more toilets. The registration form shows that the householders of serial numbers 101 and 228 are Hao Yingqi, and the householder of serial number 670 is Mikan. Hao Yingqi said, "Mikan is my son. He has no house in the village. There are two homesteads in our family, one of which is empty. My family has renovated one toilet, but there are three on the registration form. "

　　According to the villagers’ report, among the 684 renovated toilets in the registration form, more than 100 were falsely reported, which actually did not exist or were not under construction.

　　According to Liqian Chen, deputy director of the Agricultural Development Center of Shenze County and the person in charge of the toilet reform class in the county, in 2014, each village reported the number of toilets to the township government, and the township government reported it to the County Health Planning Bureau (the former Health Bureau) to reform the toilets in each village according to the actual situation. There are strict regulations on the supervision of toilet renovation. Each village elected a number of villagers’ representatives, and after corresponding training, they supervised the construction of toilet improvement in each village. The county set up a supervision team to implement the responsibility system of Baoxiang to supervise the toilet improvement in each village. "The county needs to change more than 60,000 toilets, and more than 30,000 have been completed."

　　Liu Yanli, deputy director of the Aiwei Office of the Health and Family Planning Bureau of Shenze County, introduced that from 2014 to 2015, the provincial, city and county governments awarded 500 yuan for each toilet renovation. "After the completion of construction and acceptance, 500 yuan’s award-winning funds will be transferred to the township government through county finance, and the township government will transfer them to the village Committee, and the village Committee will transfer them to the construction team."

　　After the completion of the construction, the county transferred the staff of each township health center to form an acceptance team of 18 people to accept the construction quantity and quality. Liu Yanli said, "There is a certain proportion of acceptance, 100% at the village level, 100% at the township level and 50% at the county level."

　　Shenze county has strict regulations on the renovation, construction and acceptance of rural toilets, but why does Yingli village have a situation of inflating the number of toilets? All the interviewees said they didn’t know.

　　The discipline inspection and supervision department of Shenze County said that this issue will be investigated.

　　Why are electric cars hard to sell? Experts, enterprises and consumers all gave an answer-"inconvenient to use and charge". "Charging is not convenient? Is this not easy to handle? "State GridAs soon as China Southern Power Grid started, it set off an upsurge in the construction of electric vehicle charging and replacing power stations all over the country. From 2010 to now, according to the incomplete statistics of the State Grid, only the pilot project of charging and replacing facilities for electric vehicles has been completed and put into operation, covering 87 standardized charging and replacing power stations, 5,179 chargers and 7,031 AC charging piles in 26 cities, making China the country with the largest number of charging devices for electric vehicles in the world. State Grid rhetoric "in ‘ Twelfth Five-Year Plan ’ Period constructionCharging and replacing power station2,351 seats and 220,000 charging piles. " Seeing this staggering goal, we found that human beings can no longer stop the national grid!

　　Then, how vigorous are the plans for the construction of supporting facilities for electric vehicles in power grids and local governments at all levels? Have these grand plans been realized? Let’s sort out these exciting figures first.

　　The arrogance of municipalities directly under the central government: bold and arrogant

　　Total champion: 466 charging and replacing power stations in Beijing (currently 8)

　　Beijing’s new energy vehicle charging and replacing service network has developed rapidly. At present, eight electric vehicle charging and replacing power stations have been built, including Tianqiao, Yanqing, Datun, Hujialou, Yuejialou, Majialou, Panda Roundabout and Xizhimen. Five years later, the scale of electric vehicle charging and replacing power stations in Beijing is planned to reach 466. "In five years, we will build an intelligent charging and replacing service network with 256 charging and replacing stations as the skeleton and 210 distribution stations as the outlets to meet the charging and replacing needs of all kinds of electric vehicles. "The person in charge of State Grid Beijing Company said. Among them, 385 are passenger car charging and replacing power stations for private car owners, which will be equivalent to the service radius of 5 kilometers of gas stations after completion. In 2011, State Grid Beijing Company plans to build 39 charging and replacing power stations, 18 passenger car charging stations and 21 bus sanitation charging and replacing power stations, which can meet the charging and replacing needs of 850 passenger cars, 300 buses and 1,220 sanitation vehicles. Form a passenger car charging and replacing service channel from Yanqing to Daxing, running through the north and south of Beijing, and a Beijing-Tianjin intercity charging and replacing power station network. At present, the site selection work has been initially completed. Experts believe that 30 to 50 power stations for electric private cars must be built in Beijing’s Fifth Ring Road, and charging piles should be built simultaneously in communities, so as to meet the use requirements of electric private cars after popularization and realize green and low-carbon travel.

　　Shanghai: 400 charging stations

　　On July 28th, 2011, the first electric vehicle charging and replacing power station in Shanghai, which was developed and built by Shanghai Electric Power Company, officially broke ground at Xuetang River, Jinhai Road, Nanqiao New Town, Fengxian District. After the completion, the charging and replacing power station of Nanqiao New Town will cover an area of 2,100 square meters, and there will be a battery quick-changing area and a number of parking spaces for quick charging of vehicles. It has the functions of changing the power of buses and buses and charging small and medium-sized vehicles, and can provide battery replacement services for 60 buses and 120 small vehicles every day. According to the plan, Shanghai plans to build 400 charging stations to promote the expansion of the electric vehicle market. Seven charging stations and 360 charging piles will be completed in the first batch of pilot projects.

　　Tianjin: There are 143 charging and replacing power stations and 1,000 AC charging piles.

　　During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the overall goal of Tianjin’s intelligent charging and power exchange service network construction is: 13 centralized charging stations, 2 comprehensive power exchange stations, 16 commercial vehicle power exchange stations, 27 passenger vehicle power exchange stations, 85 battery distribution stations and 1,000 AC charging piles. At present, Tianjin has built five electric vehicle charging and replacing power stations and 100 AC charging piles. According to the plan, State Grid Beijing and Tianjin Company will build 10 inter-city charging and replacing power stations in Beijing and Tianjin in 2011. Among them, Beijing has built two buildings in the Yongle service area of Beijing-Tianjin Expressway (32.2 kilometers); Two stations will be built in the Majiqiao service area (8km) of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Expressway, and a charging and replacing power station will be built around the cutting and breeding toll station (23.2km). Tianjin will also build five charging and replacing power stations, namely Baiguantun, Meichang, Dongli, Beitang and Tanggu, to completely break through the charging and replacing obstacles of electric vehicles between Beijing and Tianjin. In order to ensure the safe and normal operation of the completed service network, Tianjin Electric Power Company has established a professional company-"Tianjin Sanyuan New Energy Electric Vehicle Service Co., Ltd.", which is responsible for the network operation service of charging and replacing facilities.

　　Chongqing: 38 charging stations with 1,000 charging piles.

　　During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, Chongqing plans to build 30 electric vehicle charging stations and 1,000 charging piles. Up to now, 150 charging piles and 1 charging station have been built. Two other charging stations are under construction, one in the airport new city and the other in the south bank. It is expected that the charging station will be completed before the end of this year. This year, Chongqing will build 50 AC charging piles and one AC charging station. According to the plan,

　　The first demonstration charging station for electric vehicles in Chongqing is located in the automobile headquarters in Jiangbei Tea Garden. This standard demonstration charging station for electric vehicles is expected to be completed and put into operation in September this year, with five charging and discharging devices, which can charge large, medium and small passenger cars and commercial vehicles.

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　　The second camp: deep pockets and sharp edges

　　There are 176 charging and replacing power stations and 20,200 charging piles in Zhejiang.

　　According to the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan of Zhejiang Province", the development plan of intelligent charging and replacing service network for electric vehicles. By the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, the number of electric vehicles in Zhejiang Province will reach 100,000. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, Zhejiang Company will build 19 centralized charging stations, 96 charging and replacing stations for passenger cars, 677 distribution stations, 61 charging and replacing stations for commercial vehicles and 20,200 charging piles in Zhejiang Province, which can meet the charging and replacing demand of 100,000 electric vehicles (up to 160,000). By then, Hangzhou, Jinhua and Huzhou will form an electric vehicle charging and replacing service network with an average service radius of less than 5 kilometers, which can provide convenient and fast charging and replacing services for electric vehicles.

　　At present, eleven charging and replacing power stations have been built in Hangzhou, among which five charging and replacing power stations, namely Gucui, Xixi, Civic Square, Chengbei and Chengnan, have been officially opened. This year, 56 charging and replacing power stations and 590 AC charging piles will be built in Hangzhou, with an average service radius of about 3.85 kilometers, which can basically meet the demand for electric vehicles in Hangzhou. By 2012, Hangzhou plans to build 4 centralized charging stations, 38 charging (replacing) power stations and 3,500 charging piles, so as to achieve the goal of 20,000 private new energy vehicles by the end of 2012.

　　Shandong: 166 charging and replacing power stations and 3,000 AC charging piles.

　　Shandong Province will plan an intelligent charging and replacing service network for electric vehicles in five years according to the mode of "mainly replacing electricity, supplemented by plug-in, centralized charging and unified distribution", with a total of 3,704 charging and replacing service facilities, including 22 centralized charging stations, 144 charging and replacing power stations, 540 battery distribution stations and 3,000 AC charging piles, thus forming an intelligent charging and replacing service network covering the whole province, being interconnected among cities, with reasonable layout and unified standards. According to the Strategic Cooperation Agreement on the Construction of Electric Vehicle Charging Facilities signed by Jinan Municipal Government and Shandong Electric Power Group Corporation, five electric vehicle charging stations have been built and put into operation in 2010. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, Shandong Electric Power Group will build 2 centralized charging stations, 9 charging and replacing power stations and 60 distribution stations in Jinan, and build a service network with a service radius of not more than 5 kilometers.

　　Linyi Jiaozhuang Electric Vehicle Charging Station, the largest charging and replacing power station in China, has been running at full capacity since it was put into operation on June 23rd, 2010. As of May 27th, the station has completed 12,568 charging tasks, charging 2.17 million kWh, making it one of the best charging stations in China. According to the Construction Plan of Electric Vehicle Charging Station in Linyi City, Linyi City will invest in the construction of five charging stations in 2011 and six charging stations in 2012. The construction and operation of these charging stations will strongly promote the development of electric vehicle industry.

　　Guangdong: There are 204 charging piles and 109,610 charging piles in Guangzhou and Shenzhen.

　　According to the new energy development plan of Guangdong Province, in 2015, Guangdong will initially establish supporting facilities network, industrial support system and policy environment to meet the development requirements of electric vehicles, form a comprehensive production capacity of more than 200,000 electric vehicles, and strive for the sales of electric vehicles in the province to account for 3% to 5% of the total sales of new vehicles, and the output will account for about 5% of the total automobile production.

　　During the Asian Games, the first bus line in Guangzhou will be put into operation between Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall and University Town. At present, a charging station covering an area of 1,500 square meters, which can meet the capacity of 30 electric buses, is also under construction in Guangzhou University Town, and six slow charging piles serving social vehicles have been built in the Asian Games Village. In order to solve the problem of difficult charging, Guangzhou plans to build nearly 1500 charging piles. According to the Planning of Charging Facilities for Electric Vehicles in Guangzhou from 2010 to 2015, by 2015, there will be 61 bus charging stations (including 38 slow charging stations and 23 fast charging stations), 54 public charging stations and 80,110 slow charging piles (excluding slow charging piles) in Guangzhou.

　　As early as December 28th, 2009, the first batch of electric vehicle charging stations of China Southern Power Grid Corporation were completed and put into operation in Shenzhen, with a construction scale of 2 charging stations and 134 charging piles, with a total charging capacity of 2,480 KVA. The charging stations are located in the west of Shenzhen Longgang Universiade venue (Universiade Center Station) and the west of Harmony Road in Longgang Center City (Harmony Station), which can quickly charge hybrid vehicles. 134 charging piles are mainly distributed in public parking lots and residential parking lots in various districts of Shenzhen, mainly in slow charging mode, which is convenient for citizens to charge electric vehicles by using off-peak electricity when parking at night. By 2012, China Southern Power Grid will build 89 charging stations and 29,500 charging piles in Shenzhen. It is estimated that the total investment will exceed 1 billion yuan. It will build a charging service network covering the main roads, residential quarters and public parking lots in the city, with "slow charging as the mainstay and medium charging as the supplement", and build a charging facility that meets the requirements of demonstration and regional application of new energy vehicles in Shenzhen and is in harmony with the overall deployment of new energy vehicles in Shenzhen.

　　The second camp (the main substitute): eyeing the satellite.

　　Anhui charging station building 200

　　According to the Network Scheme Design of Intelligent Charging and Switching Service Network Construction Project for Electric Vehicles in Anhui Province, it is planned that during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, comprehensive power exchange stations and commercial vehicle power exchange stations will be built in key cities for electric vehicles such as Hefei, Huainan and Wuhu, as well as on several expressways such as Hefei-Quanjiao (Nanjing direction), Hefei-Wuhu-Guangde (Hangzhou direction) and Hefei-Huainan. As one of the 13 pilot cities for demonstration and promotion of energy-saving and new energy vehicles in China, Hefei has put in more than 500 new energy taxis (mainly hybrid), and it is planned that by 2012, the number of energy-saving and new energy vehicles will reach 1,400.

　　Is Henan really not a Great Leap Forward? : 220 charging and replacing power stations and 77,800 charging piles.

　　According to the "Henan Electric Vehicle Industry Development Plan (Provisional)" (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan"), by 2015, 220 charging (replacement) power stations will be built in Henan Province, with 77,800 charging piles, and the charging (replacement) facilities will be perfected and popularized in the Central Plains urban agglomeration; By 2020, 940 charging (replacing) power stations and 858,400 charging piles will be built, which will be fully popularized in all central cities, conditional counties, highways and major first-class highways in the province and form a network. At present, the first electric vehicle charging station in Xuchang-Xiangcheng Electric Vehicle Charging Station has been completed, with 30 DC charging piles and 20 AC charging piles in advance. At present, Xuchang has opened 104 bus lines in the urban area and intercity electric bus lines from Xuchang to Xiangcheng, and 20 electric vehicles have been put into operation.

　　Jiangsu: There are only 30 automobile charging stations and 600 charging piles in Nanjing.

　　As of May this year, Jiangsu Electric Power Company has built 10 charging and replacing power stations in Nanjing, Suzhou, Jiangyin and Yangzhou, and promoted the construction of 5 electric bus lines. According to the construction plan of Suzhou-Shanghai-Hangzhou Intercity Interconnection Project in 2011, Jiangsu will also build charging and replacing power stations in Yangcheng Lake Service Area and Baiyang Lake Service Area to realize the interconnection between Suzhou, Shanghai and Hangzhou. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, Jiangsu will build 58 pairs of battery distribution stations along Changtai, Shanghai-Nanjing, Ninghe, Coastal, Yanjiang and Shanghai-Shaanxi expressways to realize inter-city interconnection. At present, Jiangsu Power Grid has signed agreements on the planning and construction of electric vehicle charging stations with 13 local governments in the province. In 2011, Jiangsu Power Grid will plan to build 18 charging stations and 500 charging piles in the whole province, including 4 charging stations and 100 charging piles in Nanjing. According to the development trend of electric vehicles, 30 automobile charging stations and 600 charging piles will be planned and built in Nanjing during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period.

　　Hunan: There are only 260 charging and replacing power stations and 18,000 charging piles in Changsha.

　　From 2010 to 2012, Changsha is expected to promote 21,000 new energy vehicles, accounting for about 3% of the car ownership. By 2012, Changsha will have 25 bus charging stations, 4,000 official car charging stations, 14,000 social slow charging stations, 240 social fast charging stations and 20 social battery exchange stations.

　　Hubei: 100 charging and replacing power stations and more than 3,000 AC charging piles.

　　Based on Wuhan and Xiangfan, two national demonstration and promotion cities of electric vehicles, Hubei Company has carried out key construction, so as to fully promote the development of electric vehicles in Hubei. Wuhan Sanjiaohu Electric Vehicle Charging Station was completed and put into operation on August 31, 2010. At present, it provides 24-hour charging service for 45 operating electric vehicles, with a total charge of 1,628 units/time and a charge capacity of 13,876 kWh. Xiangyang Dengcheng electric vehicle charging station was completed and put into operation on August 10th, 2010. As the first charging station put into operation, it undertook the charging task of Xiangyang electric bus. At present, five large chargers keep working at full capacity. Since it was put into operation, it has charged 2278 sets/time, and the charged power has reached 223,000 kWh. It is estimated that by the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, nearly 100 comprehensive charging stations and more than 3,000 AC charging piles will be built in Hubei Province.

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　　"roof of the world": Not willing to lag behind and catch up.

　　Shanxi: 55 charging and replacing power stations and 8500 AC charging piles.

　　It is reported that in the next five years, Shanxi Province will build 55 electric vehicle charging and replacing power stations and 8,500 AC charging piles to promote the development of pure electric vehicles in public transportation, sanitation, postal services, tourism and other related industries.

　　Hebei: 25 charging and replacing power stations and 1,700 AC charging piles.

　　According to the Development Plan of Intelligent Charging and Charging Service Network for Electric Vehicles in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan of Hebei Electric Power Company, 12 charging and charging stations and 700 AC charging piles will be built in six cities in southern Hebei Province in the next five years. Considering the charging and charging facilities completed in 2010, there will be 13 charging and charging stations and 1,000 AC charging piles in southern Hebei Province at the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, which will provide safe, reliable, convenient and fast charging and charging services for electric vehicle users. At the same time, after the provincial intelligent charging and replacing service network operation management system and the demonstration project of Shijiazhuang-Baoding inter-city interconnection are completed, the information, automation and networking management of electric vehicle charging and replacing facilities will be realized, and the "three-in-one" service with the same network, homogeneity and the same price in the interconnection area will be realized, so as to better meet the charging needs of electric vehicle users.

　　Jiangxi: 32 charging stations

　　It is understood that during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, Jiangxi Company will build 32 electric vehicle charging stations throughout the province. On July 9, 2010, the first electric vehicle charging station in Jiangxi-Yichun Chengbei Electric Vehicle Charging Station was officially completed and put into operation. It is reported that the station will be built in two phases with an investment of about 11 million yuan, covering a total area of 7.42 mu, with eight chargers in the first phase. On the day of commissioning, a demonstration of electric vehicle charging was also conducted. At the beginning of April this year, the electric vehicle charging station in Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province was completed, with 12 charging piles, including 4 for buses, CMB (engineering vehicles) and cars. In addition, in June this year, another large-scale electric vehicle charging station in Honggutan New District has also started construction.

　　Fujian: 38 charging and replacing power stations and 10100 charging piles.

　　At present, there are two medium-sized public electric vehicle charging stations and 300 AC charging piles in Fujian Province. Two charging stations are located in Xiamen and Fuzhou respectively, and the other 300 AC charging piles are distributed in the parking lots of 37 urban power supply business halls, 34 large public parking lots and 23 residential quarters in 9 districts and cities in the province. Among them, there are 70 in Fuzhou, 76 in Xiamen, 20 in Putian, 38 in Quanzhou, 18 in Zhangzhou, 18 in Longyan, 20 in Sanming, 18 in Nanping and 12 in Ningde. In addition, there are two in Fuqing, Shishi, Changle, Jinjiang and Nan ‘an. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the scale of electric vehicle charging and replacing power stations in Fujian Province will reach 38, and the number of charging piles will reach 10,100, basically forming an electric vehicle charging service network covering both urban and rural areas in Fujian Province. Among them, it is planned to add 4 charging stations and 600 charging piles in 2011.

　　Ningxia: 33 charging and replacing power stations and 1620 charging piles.

　　Ningxia will vigorously develop clean energy and develop a low-carbon economy in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan. At present, an electric vehicle charging station and 50 charging piles have been built. By the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, Ningxia will have 11,000 electric vehicles, 33 charging stations, 56 distribution stations and 1,620 charging piles, and an electric vehicle charging service network covering the whole region will be built. Ningxia’s first electric vehicle exchange station-Ningdong Lingzhou Electric Vehicle Exchange (Charging) Station is located in Zone A of Linhe Industrial Park, covering an area of 9,254 square meters. Two full-vehicle chargers and two DC charging piles will be built, which can meet the battery charging and replacement service of 20 pure electric buses at the same time, and it only takes 10 minutes to replace the battery. Upon completion, it will become the first electric vehicle "gas station" in Ningxia, which integrates charging and power exchange. The total investment of the power station replacement plan is 28.43 million yuan, which is expected to be completed and put into operation in August this year.

　　Heilongjiang: hundreds of buildings

　　During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, Heilongjiang Province plans to build hundreds of intelligent charging and replacing power stations, and establish an intelligent charging and replacing service network covering the whole province, with comprehensive power stations as the main part, battery distribution stations widely distributed and charging piles as the supplement, and has begun to build electric vehicle charging stations in Harbin, Qiqihar and other places.

　　Jilin: 160 charging stations and 8,000 charging piles.

　　According to the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Intelligent Power Grid in Jilin Province", by 2015, 160 electric vehicle charging stations and 8,000 charging piles will be built in Jilin Province to meet the charging service demand of 12,000 electric vehicles, initially forming a charging service network covering the whole province. Among them, Changchun Power Supply Company and Changchun High-tech Zone signed the Cooperation Agreement on Accelerating the Construction of Power Grid and Electric Vehicle Charging Facilities. It plans to build four large-scale electric vehicle charging stations and 300 to 500 charging piles in Changchun within two years, and has selected Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Gaoxin North District and Automobile Industry Development Zone as new charging stations. On August 15th, 2010, Changchun completed the construction of the first electric vehicle charging station in the province-Gaoxin Electric Vehicle Charging Station, covering an area of 4,000 square meters and a building area of 2,000 square meters. It can charge 15 vehicles of different models at the same time. It is equipped with an energy-saving substation system with a substation capacity of 1000 KVA.

　　Liaoning: 37 charging and replacing power stations and 1330 AC charging piles.

　　After Dalian and Shenyang were listed in the national "Ten Cities with Thousand Vehicles" demonstration and promotion pilot cities in 2008 and 2010, Liaoning Power Grid fully cooperated with the promotion and application of new energy vehicles in the above two cities, and built a total of 10 charging and replacing power stations. By the end of this year, 14 charging and replacing power stations and 715 AC charging piles will be built and put into operation in the province. Grid Corporation plans to build 4 electric vehicle charging stations, 10 battery replacement stations and 1515 AC charging piles in Dalian, and 31 electric vehicle charging stations, 6 battery replacement stations and 1330 AC charging piles in Shenyang by 2015.

　　Qinghai: Only 50 power stations are charged and replaced in Xining.

　　On November 1, 2010, the first electric vehicle charging station in Qinghai Province was completed in Lejiawan. The charging station covers an area of 2,734 square meters and has a charging capacity of 540 KVA. It can provide charging service for two large electric vehicles and two medium-sized electric vehicles at the same time, and there are 10 AC charging piles in the urban area to meet the charging demand of small electric vehicles. According to the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" of Qinghai Electric Power Company and the development plan of electric vehicle industry in Xining, Xining will build 50 electric vehicle charging stations during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, and vigorously promote the construction of charging piles at the same time, initially forming a scientific and reasonable electric vehicle charging network, serving the development of electric vehicle industry and meeting people’s growing consumption needs of electric vehicles.

　　Sichuan: 50 charging and replacing power stations and 10,000 charging piles.

　　On May 28th, the first large-scale electric vehicle charging station in Sichuan was built and put into operation in Chengdu. Sichuan Power Grid plans to build 4-5 charging and distribution centers, 30-50 charging and replacing power stations and 5,000-10,000 charging piles by 2012, so as to form a perfect charging and replacing power station for electric vehicles matching the growth range of electric vehicles in Chengdu.

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　　"Hesitant": Underestimated or Too Cautious?

　　Hainan is "very active but its voice is too weak": 6 charging and replacing power stations and 759 charging piles.

　　According to the plan, by 2012, Haikou will realize the comprehensive promotion of 1,050 new energy vehicles in the city, including 650 hybrid vehicles and 400 pure electric vehicles. By the end of 2012, Haikou will build 2 large-scale charging stations, 4 bus charging stations and more than 759 charging piles. The ratio of electric vehicles to charging piles will reach more than 1:1.8. It is understood that the construction of large-scale charging stations will cover an area of 13,000 to 15,000 square meters and the construction cost will be 20 million yuan; The bus charging station covers an area of 3,300 to 3,500 square meters, and the construction cost is 3 million yuan; The medium-sized charging station covers an area of 1,000 to 1,500 square meters, and the construction cost is 5 million to 8 million yuan.

　　Inner Mongolia: 1 power station and 15 charging piles.

　　Hohhot plans to build 1 charging station, 15 charging columns (cabinets) and 5 energy-saving and new energy maintenance and technical service outlets.

　　Gansu: 1 charging station (completed) and 16 charging piles.

　　At the end of 2010, Lanzhou Power Supply Company invested 6,155,300 yuan to build the first electric vehicle charging station in Duanjiatan, Gansu Province, and completed the construction of 16 charging piles for electric vehicles. However, only one electric vehicle in the province has used this charging station (as of June 2011), and there is no clear development plan for electric vehicles and charging stations in Gansu Province.

　　Yunnan: 20 charging stations and 1,000 charging piles.

　　According to the Outline of Yunnan Low-carbon Development Plan (2011-2020) formulated in the first half of the year. By next year, there will be more than 1,000 energy-saving and new energy vehicles in Yunnan, of which 75% are buses. Combined with the construction of China-Myanmar natural gas pipeline, the bus and taxi "oil-to-gas" project will be implemented, and the BRT system will be built in Kunming first. By 2015, all operating vehicles and ships in the province should meet the fuel consumption and emission quota standards. Combined with the promotion of electric vehicles, 20 electric vehicle charging stations and 1000 charging piles will be built in Yunnan province.

　　Guangxi: 4 charging stations (completed)

　　Guangxi has successively built four electric vehicle charging demonstration stations (two in Nanning) in Liuzhou, Nanning, Guilin and other places, and all of them have been put into operation. The electric vehicle charging station of the International Convention and Exhibition Center built in Nanning covers an area of about 850 square meters, and the charging equipment is equipped with one medium-sized DC charger, four small-sized DC chargers and four AC charging piles. According to the planning of Guangxi district government, by 2015, the production capacity of new energy vehicles in Guangxi will reach 200,000.

　　Xinjiang: 4 charging stations and 80 AC charging piles.

　　During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, Urumqi will complete the construction of four charging stations and 80 AC charging piles in 2010-2012. It is estimated that in 2015, the number of electric vehicles in Urumqi will reach about 780, and by 2020, the number of electric vehicles in China will increase explosively. It is estimated that the number of electric vehicles in Urumqi will reach about 120,000.

　　Guizhou and Tibet: 0

　　At present, there is no construction plan for charging and replacing power stations for electric vehicles.

　　Have these grand plans for supporting facilities for electric vehicles been realized? Is the use in good condition? The author will follow up this report.

　　(Editor/Li Yanjiao)

Wu Zhiju (right)

CCTV News:In the first China Civil Aviation Maintenance Job Vocational Skills Competition, the three teams of China Eastern Airlines won the top three in terms of group total score and individual synthesis. As one of the team leaders and coaches, Wu Zhiju was proud of his team. Behind the honor and aura is the hard work of the whole team, and Wu Zhiju’s unremitting efforts.

Study hard and sharpen a sword in twenty years.

In 1996, Wu Zhiju, who liked big planes since he was a child, was admitted to civil aviation university of china. During his four years of university and three years of postgraduate life, he studied hard, focusing on the material research of aircraft structure, which laid a good foundation for aircraft maintenance after joining China Eastern Airlines.

After graduation, he came to China Eastern Airlines for 14 years, and he never stopped learning. With the continuous introduction of aircraft from China Eastern Airlines fleet, Wu Zhiju insisted on learning English and business skills, and constantly improved his skill level by studying manuals such as SRM, AMM, SDS, FIM and WDM, so as to understand the characteristics of aircraft selection. He believes that only by continuous learning can we keep up with the times and make a qualitative leap in our work.

This spirit of hard study has made Wu Zhiju’s technical level constantly change with the development of science and technology, and he has never fallen behind. Since joining the civil aviation work, he has participated in the formulation of the 8C inspection structure repair scheme for 2809, 2810 and 2843 aircraft, prepared the cabin renovation workshop, established the replacement ability of the cabin side wall wallpaper, and formulated a series of work items such as the workflow of domestic cabin PMA parts. In addition, he also led the establishment of the 737 aircraft overhaul capability, from the initial scheme formulation and demonstration to the scheme approval, to the preparation of tooling equipment and personnel qualifications in the early stage, and the smooth implementation, Wu Zhiju participated in and led the whole process.

From a mechanic to the director of the structural workshop of the inspection department, Wu Zhiju became an important technical "big coffee" in the Hongqiao maintenance base of China Eastern Airlines Technology Company. In 2015, Wu Zhiju was awarded as the chief technician of China Eastern Airlines; In 2016, Wu Zhiju won the Shanghai May 1st Labor Medal; In 2017, as one of the leaders of the three representative teams of China Eastern Airlines, he led the technical "Dream Team" of China Eastern Airlines to stand out from 63 airlines and 78 participating teams nationwide, and won the top three in the collective and the top three in the individual in the "First China Civil Aviation Maintenance Job Vocational Skills Competition" with excellent results, thus achieving a grand slam.

Persist in innovation and make development sustainable.

Wu Zhiju always believes that only innovation can produce more economic benefits. Therefore, with the permission of airworthiness laws and regulations, Wu Zhiju continued to study innovative projects through going abroad, introducing specialized training, preliminary experiments and concrete implementation, and improving process methods.

In 2014, Wu Zhiju led the research and development of the A330 aircraft self-repair project. Wu Zhiju strives for perfection in all stages of the project evaluation, preparation, implementation and review. He creatively puts forward two new technologies, namely "a new method for accurate positioning of multi-curved carbon fiber composite structural parts" and "an optimized curve for bonding and curing of new materials", by using his solid theoretical foundation and rich work experience and combining the latest international structural repair technologies, especially for structural repair of new materials such as composite materials. It solved the biggest problem in the implementation of the project, made the project a great success, and won the unanimous approval of the judges in the "2014 Annual Innovation Collection Activity" competition of China Eastern Airlines, and was awarded the first prize. Since the implementation of the project for two years, 14 sets have been repaired, saving the direct maintenance cost of 4.508 million yuan for the company, reducing the spare parts of A330 thrust reverser, prolonging the service life of thrust reverser in the wing and reducing the maintenance rate of aircraft thrust reverser. At present, the innovative technology of "A new method for accurate positioning of multi-curved carbon fiber composite structural parts" is applying for a patent for utility model.

At present, Wu Zhiju has set up several innovative project teams in the structural workshop of the regular inspection branch of Hongqiao Maintenance Base where he works. These projects have greatly promoted the company to reduce costs and increase efficiency, and become a new performance growth point after the company’s "marketization, industrialization, specialization and internationalization" transformation.

Focus on inheritance and promote the continuous development of skills.

In the eyes of colleagues, Wu Zhiju is always ready to help others, never sparing his superb skills, and always gives everything to others without reservation. Every year, he takes the initiative to undertake the pre-job training task for new employees, and has trained many excellent structural repair talents through "teaching, passing on, helping and bringing".

Over the years, Wu Zhiju has taken eight apprentices, including Wu Chunchen, Gao Song, Jin Xiaoliang and Hou Liming. Each apprentice is engaged in aircraft structural repair, and is the backbone of the workshop team, with outstanding performance, and often participates in major aircraft maintenance and troubleshooting work. Now, his new target is a group of new technicians with a working experience of about three years. These young people have a certain degree of work experience, which is the golden age of rapid skill improvement. As the leader of professional skills, Wu Zhiju consciously has the responsibility to bring this batch of new colleagues well.

Turning to Wu Zhiju’s thick work log, the title page reads: "It is the wish of our crew to make all planes fly safely and normally, and it is also the goal we are working tirelessly for." This is Wu Zhiju’s belief and a true portrayal of his work. He is silently interpreting this sentence with practical actions and making his own contribution to the development of civil aviation without regrets. (Source: China Eastern Airlines Group)

The picture shows the "health package" issued by the embassy, including masks and other items.

The picture shows the embassy distributing "health packages" to international students in China.

　　On April 2nd, the State Council Information Office held a press conference on the safety of overseas students studying in China during the epidemic. Ma Zhaoxu, Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs introduced that according to the statistics of the education department, there are 1.6 million overseas students in China, and about 1.42 million of them are still abroad. For overseas students who really have difficulties and need to return to China in countries with severe epidemic, necessary measures will be taken in time to assist them to return to China gradually and orderly.

　　The number and proportion of infections among overseas students are low.

　　Ma Zhaoxu introduced that according to the statistics of the education department, the total number of overseas students in China is 1.6 million, and there are about 1.42 million people still abroad. These overseas students are distributed in different countries and regions. Among them, there are 410,000 people in the United States, 230,000 in Canada, about 220,000 in Britain, about 110,000 in Germany and France, about 280,000 in Australia and New Zealand, and about 180,000 in Japan and South Korea.

　　Tian Xuejun, Vice Minister of Education, said that as of March 31st, 36 foreign students had been diagnosed, and all of them had received better treatment in time. Now, 11 students have been cured and discharged. "The Ministry of Education and embassies and consulates abroad have established an epidemic detection and daily reporting system for overseas students. Once an infection or suspected case is found, the emergency mechanism will be activated as soon as possible. Judging from the available data, the number and proportion of infections among overseas students are generally at a relatively low level. Once an overseas student has symptoms of infection, the embassy or consulate will immediately launch an emergency mechanism to assist international students in seeking medical treatment. " Tian Xuejun said.

　　In view of the problem that some countries have forced students to move out of the dormitory some time ago, Tian Xuejun said that the education departments of embassies and consulates made representations at the first time, and most of them have been properly resolved. Some embassies and consulates have also arranged "isolation standby points" in areas where the distribution of international students is relatively concentrated, so as to provide protection for international students when necessary. At the same time, the organizational functions of the overseas students’ associations have also been brought into full play. For example, the education department of the British embassy organized 95 overseas students’ associations across the UK, and set up 208 contact points in 56 cities to help each other, covering more than 71,000 international students. With the help of overseas Chinese delegations and Chinese-funded institutions, foreign education departments provide more life care for overseas students in accommodation and other aspects.

　　The first batch of health package materials was transported on April 10th.

　　Ma Zhaoxu said that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is taking the distribution of "health kits" as an important task and a top priority, and has been continuously distributing 500,000 "health kits" to countries where overseas students in China are concentrated, including more than 11 million masks, 500,000 disinfection products and epidemic prevention guides. In the case that many countries have closed their countries and cities, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Civil Aviation Administration will seize the time and give priority to the delivery of "health bags" by using civil aviation aircraft to ensure that "health bags" can be delivered to overseas students in time.

　　Lu Erxue, deputy director of the Civil Aviation Administration, introduced that on March 25, the Civil Aviation Administration started the transportation of health package materials for overseas China students. The first batch of "health package" materials transported by civil aviation has more than 300,000 copies, about 300 tons, which will be transported to 46 embassies and consulates in 12 countries, including Italy, South Korea, France, Germany, the United States, Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, Japan, Australia, Canada and Malaysia.

　　At present, the Civil Aviation Administration has coordinated Air China and China Eastern Airlines, and formulated the overall plan for the transportation of health package materials, and will use various methods such as passenger flight compensation and passenger-to-cargo flights to transport the goods to as soon as possible. According to the latest transportation plan, the first batch of health package materials will be transported on April 10th. Up to April 1st, 116 tons of health package materials have been delivered to seven countries including Italy, the United States, France, Britain, Germany, South Korea and Canada.

　　We will assist those who have difficulties in studying abroad to return to China.

　　It is understood that after the outbreak, China successively dispatched charter flights and temporary flights to take back stranded China citizens from overseas. From 4 to 26 March, civil aviation arranged 9 temporary flights to assist 1,466 China citizens in Iran and Italy to return home, including 6 Iranian temporary flights and 976 passengers, mainly international students. Three temporary flights have been carried out in Italy, and the fourth flight is currently being carried out, which will take back 180 Chinese citizens. The specific route is from Milan to Wenzhou.

　　Lu Erxue introduced that at present, 47 Chinese and foreign airlines maintain regular flights with 40 countries and 61 destinations abroad, and the total number of international flights is maintained at no more than 134 flights per week. The number of flights is dynamically adjusted according to the actual operation of airlines. There are only 108 flights planned this week. He explained that the sharp reduction of international flights is to prevent the epidemic from being imported into China by aircraft, and the minimum level of flights is to try to ensure the necessary return needs of our overseas citizens, especially overseas students.

　　The charter flight to London took off at Shanghai Pudong Airport at 9: 30 on the same day and arrived in the UK on the evening of the 1st. It is expected to take back 180 international students.

　　At present, some international students are entangled in the problem of returning to China. In response to a reporter’s question, Ma Zhaoxu said that the countries where overseas students live have different stages of epidemic development, and different prevention and control measures have been taken. Overseas students have different situations and different needs. According to the requirements of the World Health Organization and the local epidemic prevention department, most overseas students stay in the local area on the principle of "no travel unless necessary", which can also avoid cross-infection during the journey or be blocked by the epidemic prevention policies of some countries in the middle, and also avoid the impact on their studies and visas.

　　"For some overseas students who really have difficulties and need to return to China, the China Municipal Government will take necessary measures to arrange for their return to China gradually and orderly. Overseas students who choose to return to China must strictly implement various epidemic prevention regulations before boarding, during the journey and after arrival. " He reminded that overseas students should actively cooperate with civil aviation, port and local epidemic prevention departments to strictly implement various epidemic prevention regulations before boarding the plane, during the journey and after entering the country, and be responsible for their own health and the safety of the general public. (Text/Beijing Youth Daily reporter Dong Xin)

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　　China international students: I don’t feel lonely when I am alone.

　　"I am wandering in detail, and I am like my hometown." On April 1st, China students in Italy exposed the "health package" issued by the Embassy of China in Italy. This health package containing masks and medicines sent safety and warmth to overseas students. An international student told the Beijing Youth Daily reporter that she felt the care of her motherland and didn’t feel lonely when she was alone.

　　Zhou Lijing, a graduate student at the University of Iceland, shared the "health package" she received from the China Embassy in Iceland through video. In the bag printed with China’s national treasure panda and Iceland’s national bird puffin, there is a box of 50 medical surgical masks, a bottle of disinfectant and an epidemic prevention manual for overseas students. It is worth noting that this health contains a strong element of China, and the disinfectant is packed in a giant panda pen container. "The staff of the embassy told us that the preparation of this pen container is to hope that international students will see the panda and remember that the motherland has been thinking about us."

　　The news that the embassy distributed health packages made Tu, a doctoral student at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, feel warm. "I feel that I am cared for by my motherland and have strong support and strength behind me. Although I am far away from home, I don’t feel lonely." (Text/Beijing Youth Daily reporter Zhang Yue Wei)